The medicinal research and development of seabuckthorn
Xu Mingyu 1, Sun Xiaoxuan 2, Cui Jinhua 3
(1, 2 Xiyuan Hospital of the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Beijing
100091)
Abstract: According to historical records, China was the first to country to use seabuckthorn as a drug. In 1977, this plant was formally listed in the Chinese pharmacopoeia. Seabuckthorn contains biologically active substances with pharmacological effects on the cardiovascular and the immune system, and anti-senility, anti-inflammation and anti-radiation effect, etc. During the last ten years, research on seabuckthorn medicinal and health products has greatly advanced and many economic benefits have been gained from it in China.
Key words seabuckthorn, medicinal research, effective constituents, cardiovascular system, immune system, anti-cancer, anti-senility, anti-inflammation, anti-radiation.
The fruits of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) have been used as a drug by traditional Tibetan and Mongolian medicine since ancient times. It has pharmacological effects on the lungs,the stomach, the spleen, the blood circulation, which were recorded in some medicinal classics,such as Sibu Yidian [1] from the Tang Dynasty and Jing Zhu Ben Cao [2] from the Qing Dynasty. In 1977, seabuckthorn was officially for the first time listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia by the Ministry of Public Health [3]. Since 1985, meanwhile, medicinal research on seabuckthorn has received much attention in China. The great advances and demonstrations of its medicinal values have been seen in recent years [4, 5].
1 Origin and development of seabuckthorn medicinal products
In historical records, Chinese people were the first to use seabuckthorn as a drug. More than a thousand years ago seabuckthorn was recorded in Yue Wang Yao Zhen from the Tang Dynasty and in Sibu Yidian, whose writing was finished in the 8th century. Sibu Yidian is a classical Tibetan medical book with four volumes and 158 chapters altogether. Thirty chapters deal with seabuckthorn medicinal products, mentioning the pharmacological effects on inducing the expectoration, opening the inhibited lung energy, dispersing dampness, tonifying the YIN and strengthening the YANG. More than 60 entries refer to its capacity to strengthen the spleen and the stomach, and to promote blood circulation, to remove blood stasis, and there are 84 prescriptions with seabuckthorn, which come in he form of seven different preparations: decoction, powder, pill, medicinal extract, shortbread, ash and tincture. In the 18th century, Sibu Yidian was translated into Mongolian, and later it was translated by European countries for
studying and commenting. In 1903, Sibu Yidian was published in Russia in St. Petersburg [6]. In 1952, Xu Zhonghu, an associate professor of Sichuan Medical College of China, rediscovered seabuckthorn in Tibet. Following this, the Sichuan Medical College took the lead in medicinal research on seabuckthorn, and an academic thesis was written by Xu Zhonglu et al [7]. The Preliminary Research on the Fruit Juice of Seabuckthorn was published in 1956. In 1977,
seabuckthorn was for the first time listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. From 1985 to 1993, Chinese scientists were engaged in a series of scientific experiments on its juice, oil and other extracts with analysis of its nutrient and chemical composition,pharmacodynamics and toxicology. The results have been predicated that seabuckthorn was a medicinal food containing many kinds of vitamins, trace elements, amino acids and other bioactive substances, such as ß-carotene, VC, VB1, VB2, VK1, Zeaxanthin, lycopene, flavonoids, folic acid, sitosterol, triterpene, fatty acids, tannin acid, 5-HT ( 5- hydroxytryptamine) and umbelliferone, etc. In the former USSR it was discovered that the fruits of seabuckthorn contained more than 190 kinds of bio-active substances, and the oil contained 106 kinds of such substances. Of these, there were 6 kinds of fat-soluble vitamins, 22 kinds of fatty acids, 42 kinds of lipids and 36 kinds of flavonoids and phenols [8]. For these reasons, it has great potential in the medical field, both as a medicine and health food. So far, the registration number of the business permit of the seabuckthorn oil has been replaced five times since the first time it was approved as a drug for production and utilization by the Ministry of Public Health of the former USSR. The medical products made from it include simple prescriptions as well as complex ones, e.g., oil solution, soft extract, membranous preparations and aerosols. Seabuckthorn oil can be used to treat burns, skin radiation lesions, cervical erosion, gastric and duodenal ulcer, etc. [9]. 2 Research and development of the effective constituents of seabuckthorn The ripe fruit of seabuckthorn is a medicinal food containing many kinds of vitamins and trace elements and other biologically active substances. Its taste is sour due to its content of approximately 2 to 3.5% organic acid. Results of chromatograghic analyses have indicated that the ripe fruit of seabuckthorn contains malic acid, oxalic acid and another unidentified acid. These organic acids have certain physiological functions: remitting the toxicity of some medicines like barbitals and antibiotics, preventing teratogenesis, damages from x-rays and side effects of oxygen therapy. There are also significant contents of carotenoids ( including ßcarotene, ?ß-4, 4biketone-ß-carotene, ?-carotene, zeaxanthin, lycopene and polyring-lycopene), progestin, flavoxanthin, ryptoxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin and VC, VK, VE, (including a, ?,?VE ) of which VC and VE are the major components of antioxidants [10]. The content of phospholipids in the ripe fruit (including lecithin, cephalin, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidyl) is about 0.5%. These substances, as part of the membrane mitochondrion, participate in the electronic migration and the oxidative phosphorylation, can promote cellular metabolism, and have an anti-fatty liver, anticirrhosis effect. There is 0.09% to 0.36% betaine in the ripe fruit, which is the methylating product of glycine and has anti-ulcer, and preventative and curative effects on arteriosclerosis. Also, there are the flavonoids, whose main components are the leucocyanidin, catechin, flavonol and trace flavanone. From the flavonol, the isorhamnetin, quassin and camellin can be isolated. The flavonoids and other phenols can increase the resistance of the human body, retard osmosis of the capillary wall and prevent VC from breaking up. The physiological effects of flavonoids on the blood vessel wall require the participation of VC; their activity can stabilize VC in the body, and they can reduce VC oxidation. These substances also have the following functions: controlling arteriosclerosis, lowering the cholesterol level, turning hyperthyroidism into euthyroidism and eliminating inflammation [11]. Phenols are effective against oxidation, tumorigenesis and radiation, and can sustain the activity of many biologically active substances, e.g., the ant-tumorigenesis effect of leucocyanidin, the enhancement of X-ray effectiveness in cancer treatment by catechin, and the remarkable antitumorigenesis and anti-radiation effect of quassin Chlorogenic acid and other phenol compounds can facilitate the biosynthesis of gastric acid, stimulate gastric juice secretion, combine with taurine and take part in diuretic action and in strengthening the function of capillaries, and, at the hypophysis level, regulate thyroid function. The seabuckthorn oil extracted from its ripe fruit contains more than 60% of palmitic and palmitoleic acid. The most active biological fractions among them are the unsponified parts, which can co-exist with VE, carotenoids, beeswax and the sterols with ß-sitosterol as majority. The ß-sitosterol is considered one of the active compounds used to prevent and cure arteriosclerosis [12]. The peel of stem and fruit contains 5-HT, a rare occurrence in the plant kingdom. The 5-HT existing in a free or grouped state, can act as a neurotransmitter and regulate human emotion, blood pressure (BP),body temperature and hormone level. It can also have important antiradiation, anti-infection and anti-cancer functions, and can promote coagulation by transforming fibrinogen into fibrin. The leaves and fruit contain coumarin, which can strengthen the function of the capillaries, has styptic and anti-coagulation functions, anti-spasmus, anti-vitiligo, anti-turmorigenesis, antinumbness, anti-pyreticosis effects, and can regulate disorders of the gallbladder. There is also trierpene, whose representative is the ursolic acid which has an effect similar to that of adrenocortical hormone (ACH). It can control the actions of sodium (Na+) and chlorine (CI-) in vivo, but does not inhibit the metabolism of potassium, and it can cure bronzed skin (hypocorticoidism), heal wounds, ulcer and inflammation. The leaves contain ß-amyrinoley-lalcohol acid. It can dilate the cardiac and cerebral vessels, facilitate blood circulation and slightly lower the blood pressure [13].
To sum up, seabuckthorn contains so many biologically active substances that its development for medicinal and health products has great potential.
3 Research on pharmacological effects of seabuckthorn
3.1 Cardiovascular system
The total flavonoids of Hippophae (seabuckthorn) (TFH) extracted from the leaves and fruit is a group of compounds containing seven kinds of flavonoids. Of these, the main components are isorhamnetin and quercetin. Zhang Maoshun, Wang Jialing and others [14] of the West China Medical University experimented with TFH, treating coronary heart disease using a random double blind control test. The results showed that TFH could remit angina and improve the
echanocardiography and the ischemic electrocardiogram. As for this aspect, its curative effect is better than that of isosorbide dinitrate, which might be due to the increased volume of coronary blood flow and myocardial nutritional blood flow, and the decrease of myocardial oxygen consumption and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Wang Bingwen and others [15] of Xi'an Medical University investigated the effects of TFH extracted from the leaves of seabuckthorn on white rats' cardiac function. The internal pressure peak of the left ventriculus and its maximum rate of change (dp/dtmax) increased distinctly, the time from the left ventricle starting a contraction to the occurrence of a dp/dtmax was shortened distinctly, the diastolic pressure of the left ventricle and the left ventricular pressure of the sovolumetric relaxation phase diminished, cardiac output, cardiac index, heart stroke index, and left ventricular power index of the myocardium increased. Further research showed that TFH could strengthen the contractility of the extra-corporeal papillary muscles of guinea pigs. The mechanism might be related to its effect on both the inward flow of extra-cellular Ca2+? of the cardiac muscles and the Ca2+? release from intracellular reservoirs. Liu Fengming et al. [16] of the Baotou Medical College experimented on the extra-corporeal cors of white mice with arrhythmia. They discovered that TFH could prolong the time of ventricular fibrillation, postpone the atrioventricular conduction, lower the heart rate, and attenuate the myocardial contractility. In addition, TFH could slightly prolong the refractory stage (or period) of the extra-corporeal left atrium function, and counteract distinctly the action of the allorhythmia of the extra-corporeal right atrium of guinea pigs. Chai Quiyan, et al. [17], of Shanxi Medical Institute experimented with seabuckthorn extract (SE) (extracted by alcohol) on white rats. It was shown that SE had considerable anti-mycardialischmia, anti-hyperlipemia and anti-fat-liver effects. Seabuckthorn oil could decrease cholesterol,triglyceride and ß-lipoprotein (LP), and counteract hyperlipemis induced by the experimental high fat diet.
Based on the above advances in research, Tongliao Pharmaceutical Factory of Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region in China began to produce Acetylsalicylic Flavonoid Tablets. In 1992, it
was selected as one of the new and high grade products of the region. Based on 303 cases of
clinical observation by Tongren Hospital affiliated to the Capital Medical College, Xuanwu Hospital, Friendship Hospital and four more hospitals in Beijing, the general curative effectiveness, i.e., more than 90% in the treatment of stenocardia and almost 50% in ECGs
(electrocardiograms) has been proven [18]. Now this drug has been approved.
3.2 Immune System
Zhong Fei et al. [19] of the Nanjing Medical College of the Railway Ministry experimented on
mice and guinea pigs with the compound extracts of Hippophae (CEH) (seabuckthorn). It was
discovered the CEH had anti-anaphylactic effects and could strengthen the phagocytic function of the mouse macrophagocyte, increased serum-lysozyme in mice and alexin in guinea pigs. Thus it was proven that CEH can strengthen non-specific immunity functions. In mice, the serolysin level and the serum-accelerator level were distinctly increased. So was the capacity of the splenocytes to produce hemolysin and the percentage of the Stable Rosette Forming Cells (SRFC). Immune suppression caused by cyclophosphamide was counterchecked. CEH concentration was in direct proportion to its own counteraction against the interleukin-2 (IL-2) produced by the mice. It was obvious that CEH could regulate the cellular immunity and the hormonal immunity at every one the many links and levels. This provided the experimental basis for CEH to be widely used in the therapy of immune diseases.
Ren Lisa et al. [20] of Shanxi Cancer Institute experimented on mice with the bone marrow
micronucleus technique. It was shown that seabuckthorn seed oil had the capacity to restore,
under inhibited states of immune function, the natural killer cell level.
Li Diandong et al. [21] of the Medicinal Biotechnology Institute of the Chinese Academy of
Medical Sciences researched on combining the polymerase chain reaction with the Tlymphocytes multiplication induced by the mitogen, and on seabuckthorn juice effect on secretion, which was caused by IL-2, of the old mouse's splenic lymphocytes. During senescence, the multiplication of the splenic lymphocytes and the secretion of IL-2 decrease along with the age increase. It was discovered that the multiplication index of the splenic lymphocytes of the mice, which were fed seabuckthorn juice, was higher than that of the control group at the same age.The difference between the two was very significant (P<0.01).>To sum up, the research results showed that seabuckthorn extracts had the effect of promoting the immune function of animals with tumors, the activity of the superoxide dismutase (an oxy-radical scavenger), and could activate the phagocytosis of the macrophage. The above mentioned results showed that seabuckthorn extracts had, to a certain degree, anti-cancer effects. If an anti-cancer adjuvant (co-operative anti-carcinogen) is developed from the extract, the immunity of cancer patients can probably be strengthened and the side effects caused by chemotherapeutic agents might be decreased.At present, research work is being carried out both in vivo and in vitro. More research should be done in the future. It is necessary to extract pure effective substances from seabuckthorn oil and to determine effective and proper applications.
3.3 Anti-tumorigenesis pharmacology and development of auxiliary anti- cancermedicine.
The direct effects of seabuckthorn on the tumorigenesis, in addition to its indirect ones caused by general immunity or other mechanisms, include inhibiting action on the cancer cells and blocking the carcinogenic factors. Zhang Peizhen et al. [22] of the Gansu Cancer Institute experimented on mice transplanted tumors, including sarcoma (S180), lymphatic leukemia (P388) and B16. It was found that both intra-peritoneal injection of seabuckthorn oil and oral administration, inhibited the tumor from developing. Seabuckthorn juice can both kill the cancer cells of S180 and P388 and inhibit growth of the cell strains of the human gastric carcinoma (SGC7901) and lymphatic leukemia (L1200).
echanocardiography and the ischemic electrocardiogram. As for this aspect, its curative effect is better than that of isosorbide dinitrate, which might be due to the increased volume of coronary blood flow and myocardial nutritional blood flow, and the decrease of myocardial oxygen consumption and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Wang Bingwen and others [15] of Xi'an Medical University investigated the effects of TFH extracted from the leaves of seabuckthorn on white rats' cardiac function. The internal pressure peak of the left ventriculus and its maximum rate of change (dp/dtmax) increased distinctly, the time from the left ventricle starting a contraction to the occurrence of a dp/dtmax was shortened distinctly, the diastolic pressure of the left ventricle and the left ventricular pressure of the sovolumetric relaxation phase diminished, cardiac output, cardiac index, heart stroke index, and left ventricular power index of the myocardium increased. Further research showed that TFH could strengthen the contractility of the extra-corporeal papillary muscles of guinea pigs. The mechanism might be related to its effect on both the inward flow of extra-cellular Ca2+? of the cardiac muscles and the Ca2+? release from intracellular reservoirs. Liu Fengming et al. [16] of the Baotou Medical College experimented on the extra-corporeal cors of white mice with arrhythmia. They discovered that TFH could prolong the time of ventricular fibrillation, postpone the atrioventricular conduction, lower the heart rate, and attenuate the myocardial contractility. In addition, TFH could slightly prolong the refractory stage (or period) of the extra-corporeal left atrium function, and counteract distinctly the action of the allorhythmia of the extra-corporeal right atrium of guinea pigs. Chai Quiyan, et al. [17], of Shanxi Medical Institute experimented with seabuckthorn extract (SE) (extracted by alcohol) on white rats. It was shown that SE had considerable anti-mycardialischmia, anti-hyperlipemia and anti-fat-liver effects. Seabuckthorn oil could decrease cholesterol,triglyceride and ß-lipoprotein (LP), and counteract hyperlipemis induced by the experimental high fat diet.
Based on the above advances in research, Tongliao Pharmaceutical Factory of Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region in China began to produce Acetylsalicylic Flavonoid Tablets. In 1992, it
was selected as one of the new and high grade products of the region. Based on 303 cases of
clinical observation by Tongren Hospital affiliated to the Capital Medical College, Xuanwu Hospital, Friendship Hospital and four more hospitals in Beijing, the general curative effectiveness, i.e., more than 90% in the treatment of stenocardia and almost 50% in ECGs
(electrocardiograms) has been proven [18]. Now this drug has been approved.
3.2 Immune System
Zhong Fei et al. [19] of the Nanjing Medical College of the Railway Ministry experimented on
mice and guinea pigs with the compound extracts of Hippophae (CEH) (seabuckthorn). It was
discovered the CEH had anti-anaphylactic effects and could strengthen the phagocytic function of the mouse macrophagocyte, increased serum-lysozyme in mice and alexin in guinea pigs. Thus it was proven that CEH can strengthen non-specific immunity functions. In mice, the serolysin level and the serum-accelerator level were distinctly increased. So was the capacity of the splenocytes to produce hemolysin and the percentage of the Stable Rosette Forming Cells (SRFC). Immune suppression caused by cyclophosphamide was counterchecked. CEH concentration was in direct proportion to its own counteraction against the interleukin-2 (IL-2) produced by the mice. It was obvious that CEH could regulate the cellular immunity and the hormonal immunity at every one the many links and levels. This provided the experimental basis for CEH to be widely used in the therapy of immune diseases.
Ren Lisa et al. [20] of Shanxi Cancer Institute experimented on mice with the bone marrow
micronucleus technique. It was shown that seabuckthorn seed oil had the capacity to restore,
under inhibited states of immune function, the natural killer cell level.
Li Diandong et al. [21] of the Medicinal Biotechnology Institute of the Chinese Academy of
Medical Sciences researched on combining the polymerase chain reaction with the Tlymphocytes multiplication induced by the mitogen, and on seabuckthorn juice effect on secretion, which was caused by IL-2, of the old mouse's splenic lymphocytes. During senescence, the multiplication of the splenic lymphocytes and the secretion of IL-2 decrease along with the age increase. It was discovered that the multiplication index of the splenic lymphocytes of the mice, which were fed seabuckthorn juice, was higher than that of the control group at the same age.The difference between the two was very significant (P<0.01).>To sum up, the research results showed that seabuckthorn extracts had the effect of promoting the immune function of animals with tumors, the activity of the superoxide dismutase (an oxy-radical scavenger), and could activate the phagocytosis of the macrophage. The above mentioned results showed that seabuckthorn extracts had, to a certain degree, anti-cancer effects. If an anti-cancer adjuvant (co-operative anti-carcinogen) is developed from the extract, the immunity of cancer patients can probably be strengthened and the side effects caused by chemotherapeutic agents might be decreased.At present, research work is being carried out both in vivo and in vitro. More research should be done in the future. It is necessary to extract pure effective substances from seabuckthorn oil and to determine effective and proper applications.
3.3 Anti-tumorigenesis pharmacology and development of auxiliary anti- cancermedicine.
The direct effects of seabuckthorn on the tumorigenesis, in addition to its indirect ones caused by general immunity or other mechanisms, include inhibiting action on the cancer cells and blocking the carcinogenic factors. Zhang Peizhen et al. [22] of the Gansu Cancer Institute experimented on mice transplanted tumors, including sarcoma (S180), lymphatic leukemia (P388) and B16. It was found that both intra-peritoneal injection of seabuckthorn oil and oral administration, inhibited the tumor from developing. Seabuckthorn juice can both kill the cancer cells of S180 and P388 and inhibit growth of the cell strains of the human gastric carcinoma (SGC7901) and lymphatic leukemia (L1200).
3.4 Anti-senilism
It is believed that senility and many lesions are closely related to peroxide effects in vivo.Therefore, blocking the peroxidation and elimination of the free radicals produced by the peroxidation have become the focuses of attention.
Jing Yuehua and others [26] of Shenyang Applied Ecology Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences discovered superoxide dismutase in seabuckthorn juice and its leaves. It acted in the same way as VC, having anti-oxidation effects and clearing away free radicals on the cellular membrane. Rui Lixin and others [27] of Shanxi Medical College researched into the effects of seabuckthorn oil on the erythrocyte membrane G-6PD and Na-K-AtPase of guinea pigs fed seabuckthorn oil showed increased activity. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the product of lipid
peroxides on the erythrocyte membrane, and the hemolysis percentage of the erythrocytes induced by MDA were significantly inferior to the groups not fed or fed with VE. Compared to the VE group at the equivalent dosage, the effects of seabuckthorn oil were superior to VE. That showed that seabuckthorn can postpone senility and prevent lipid peroxidation. Ju Haisong and others [28] of the Inner Mongolian Medical College investigated TFH effects on
active oxy-radicals. They discovered the TFH could significantly inhibit the chemiluminescence
of the human polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) and distinctly clear away the super-oxide free radicals produced by the purine oxidase system and the active oxy-radicals, including the free radicals of the superoxide negative ions and the hydroxyl free radicals. In summary it was discovered that the active compounds of seabuckthorn could promote the immune function and regulate the activity of immune cells in vivo, and could play an important role in promoting human resistance against diseases and postponing senescence.
3.5 Anti-inflammation and anti-radiation
Xu Mingyu et al. [29] of Xiyaun Hospital of the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China showed that seabuckthorn oil had obvious effects on anathrepis, eliminating inflammation and slough, easing pain, promoting immune function and strengthening body resistance. All this provided a scientific basis for clinical treatments of the chronic bed sore (pressure sore). L. D. Lebedeva et al. [30] of the Chemical Institute of the Tadzhikistan Academy of Sciences injected experimental animals with seabuckthorn oil. During 20 to 30 days,the development of the artificially induced inflammation of mouse subcutaneous tissue was inhibited,and the antiinflammation effects was strengthened. Analyses of seabuckthorn oil in the USSR showed contents of more than 180 mg/100 g of carotenoids (lycopenes and its derivants), VE 110 mg/100 g, oleic glyceride, fatty acid, citric acid and steric acid. Among them, carotene could form VA in vivo, facilitate metabolic normalisation and recover injured tissue. VE proved to be an anti-senilism substance, which could control proteo-metabolism and metabolism of nucleic acid and therefore counterattack tissue senility. The unsaturated fatty acid played an important part in repairing tissue. Seabuckthorn oil was produced by the former USSR, both for oral medication and for external application. It was used to treat radiation injuries, burns, vagina mucoctis mucitis,the endocervicitis, the erosion of cervix, gastric and duodenal ulcer, and improved curative effects were obtained. These medical products had no toxic and side effects [9]. Jiang Zhenyi et al. [31] of the Second Army Medical University of China found that healing effect of seabuckthorn seed oil on the white rats gastric ulcer model caused by acetifiation and chronic reserpinization was superior to cimetidine. They further extracted and isolated the active principles from seabuckthorn seed oil and discovered that ß-Sitosterol-ß-D-Glucosid was aconstituent significant for healing the gastric ulcer. At Xi'an Medical University, extensive studies have been carried out. Studies by WuAiru etal.[32]on the treatment of chronic cervecitis with seabuckthorn oil and the oil embolus with seabuckthorn compounds showed that improved curative effects were obtained, with a general curative effectiveness of 97%. Che Xiping et al [33] studied seabuckthorn embolus effect on easing pain and eliminating inflammation. They found that the time of the mouse torsion reaction stimulated by the acetification decreased significantly (P<0.05),>
4. Development of medicines and health products from seabuckthorn.
The following products are already available in China: 4.1 Raw seabuckthorn such as unstrained juice, clear juice, concentrated juice, seabuckthorn fruit oil and seabuckthorn seed oil, seabuckthorn fruit residual oil, raw powder, seabuckthorn pigment,TFH, etc. 4.2 Beverage with seabuckthorn such as soft drink (including syrup), alcoholic drink (sweet wine, semi-fluid drink, wine, beer), fruit juice (clear or unstrained) aerated fruit juice, powder, nutrient solution, jam, etc. 4.3 Cosmetics with seabuckthorn such as hair shampoo, skin care cream, beauty cream, body lotion. 4.4 Medicines such as cough remedy (relieving cough, dissolving phlegm, and treating chronic tracheitis), seabuckthorn (Acetylsalicylic) Flavonoid Tablets (treating the ischemic cardiopathy and remitting the angina cordis), compound oil-embolus extractum, and capsule (for inflammation and ulcer),Healthcare Medicine, including seabuckthorn oil, instant powder or granule preparation of seabuckthorn, and seabuckthorn dried cream.
References
1.Yu Sui Yuandanguibu et al. , translated by Li Yongnian 1983, Si Bu Yi Dian.The Publishing House of Public Health, Beijing
2. Dimaer Danzengpengcuo, translated by Mao Jizu, Luo Dashang et al. 1986. Jing Zhu Ben Cao.
The Publishing House of Science and Technology, Shanghai.
3. Editorial Board of Pharmacopoeia of the P. R. China 1977. Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China. People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing.
4. Jiangsu New Medical College 1977. Traditional Chinese Medical Dictionary. Shanghai People's Medical Publishing House, Shanghai
5. Xu Mingyu et al. 1991. Present conditions and the future research on the seabuckthorn medicinal use. J. Water and Soil Conservation of China (5): 38
6. Ma Yingcai 1989. Thesis Collection of International Academic Exchange Meeting on Seabuckthorn. Wugong Centre For Agricultural Science Research, Xi'an.
7. Xu Zhonglu et al. 1956. Preliminary research on acetylsalicylic seabuckthorn juice. J. Nutrition (1): 333.
8. Zhang Zhemin 1990. Advance and counter-measure on research and use of seabuckthorn in Russia. Hippophae 3 (3): 42-46.
9. Wu Fuheng 1991 Seabuckthorn medicine in Russia. Hippophae 4 (2): 38-41
10. D. C. Qibikeva, Translated by Zhang Zhemin et al. 1989. Study on fatty acid components of
seabuckthorn. Proceedings of Seabuckthorn Biochemistry and Breeding. 180-182.
11. Chen Tigong et al. 1988. Preliminary research on the biochemical components of seabuckthorn oil from Gansu. Hippophae 1 (4): 35-38.
12. Ge Hong 1992. GC-MS analyses on chemical composition of sterol from seabuckthorn fruit oil.
It is believed that senility and many lesions are closely related to peroxide effects in vivo.Therefore, blocking the peroxidation and elimination of the free radicals produced by the peroxidation have become the focuses of attention.
Jing Yuehua and others [26] of Shenyang Applied Ecology Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences discovered superoxide dismutase in seabuckthorn juice and its leaves. It acted in the same way as VC, having anti-oxidation effects and clearing away free radicals on the cellular membrane. Rui Lixin and others [27] of Shanxi Medical College researched into the effects of seabuckthorn oil on the erythrocyte membrane G-6PD and Na-K-AtPase of guinea pigs fed seabuckthorn oil showed increased activity. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the product of lipid
peroxides on the erythrocyte membrane, and the hemolysis percentage of the erythrocytes induced by MDA were significantly inferior to the groups not fed or fed with VE. Compared to the VE group at the equivalent dosage, the effects of seabuckthorn oil were superior to VE. That showed that seabuckthorn can postpone senility and prevent lipid peroxidation. Ju Haisong and others [28] of the Inner Mongolian Medical College investigated TFH effects on
active oxy-radicals. They discovered the TFH could significantly inhibit the chemiluminescence
of the human polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) and distinctly clear away the super-oxide free radicals produced by the purine oxidase system and the active oxy-radicals, including the free radicals of the superoxide negative ions and the hydroxyl free radicals. In summary it was discovered that the active compounds of seabuckthorn could promote the immune function and regulate the activity of immune cells in vivo, and could play an important role in promoting human resistance against diseases and postponing senescence.
3.5 Anti-inflammation and anti-radiation
Xu Mingyu et al. [29] of Xiyaun Hospital of the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China showed that seabuckthorn oil had obvious effects on anathrepis, eliminating inflammation and slough, easing pain, promoting immune function and strengthening body resistance. All this provided a scientific basis for clinical treatments of the chronic bed sore (pressure sore). L. D. Lebedeva et al. [30] of the Chemical Institute of the Tadzhikistan Academy of Sciences injected experimental animals with seabuckthorn oil. During 20 to 30 days,the development of the artificially induced inflammation of mouse subcutaneous tissue was inhibited,and the antiinflammation effects was strengthened. Analyses of seabuckthorn oil in the USSR showed contents of more than 180 mg/100 g of carotenoids (lycopenes and its derivants), VE 110 mg/100 g, oleic glyceride, fatty acid, citric acid and steric acid. Among them, carotene could form VA in vivo, facilitate metabolic normalisation and recover injured tissue. VE proved to be an anti-senilism substance, which could control proteo-metabolism and metabolism of nucleic acid and therefore counterattack tissue senility. The unsaturated fatty acid played an important part in repairing tissue. Seabuckthorn oil was produced by the former USSR, both for oral medication and for external application. It was used to treat radiation injuries, burns, vagina mucoctis mucitis,the endocervicitis, the erosion of cervix, gastric and duodenal ulcer, and improved curative effects were obtained. These medical products had no toxic and side effects [9]. Jiang Zhenyi et al. [31] of the Second Army Medical University of China found that healing effect of seabuckthorn seed oil on the white rats gastric ulcer model caused by acetifiation and chronic reserpinization was superior to cimetidine. They further extracted and isolated the active principles from seabuckthorn seed oil and discovered that ß-Sitosterol-ß-D-Glucosid was aconstituent significant for healing the gastric ulcer. At Xi'an Medical University, extensive studies have been carried out. Studies by WuAiru etal.[32]on the treatment of chronic cervecitis with seabuckthorn oil and the oil embolus with seabuckthorn compounds showed that improved curative effects were obtained, with a general curative effectiveness of 97%. Che Xiping et al [33] studied seabuckthorn embolus effect on easing pain and eliminating inflammation. They found that the time of the mouse torsion reaction stimulated by the acetification decreased significantly (P<0.05),>
4. Development of medicines and health products from seabuckthorn.
The following products are already available in China: 4.1 Raw seabuckthorn such as unstrained juice, clear juice, concentrated juice, seabuckthorn fruit oil and seabuckthorn seed oil, seabuckthorn fruit residual oil, raw powder, seabuckthorn pigment,TFH, etc. 4.2 Beverage with seabuckthorn such as soft drink (including syrup), alcoholic drink (sweet wine, semi-fluid drink, wine, beer), fruit juice (clear or unstrained) aerated fruit juice, powder, nutrient solution, jam, etc. 4.3 Cosmetics with seabuckthorn such as hair shampoo, skin care cream, beauty cream, body lotion. 4.4 Medicines such as cough remedy (relieving cough, dissolving phlegm, and treating chronic tracheitis), seabuckthorn (Acetylsalicylic) Flavonoid Tablets (treating the ischemic cardiopathy and remitting the angina cordis), compound oil-embolus extractum, and capsule (for inflammation and ulcer),Healthcare Medicine, including seabuckthorn oil, instant powder or granule preparation of seabuckthorn, and seabuckthorn dried cream.
References
1.Yu Sui Yuandanguibu et al. , translated by Li Yongnian 1983, Si Bu Yi Dian.The Publishing House of Public Health, Beijing
2. Dimaer Danzengpengcuo, translated by Mao Jizu, Luo Dashang et al. 1986. Jing Zhu Ben Cao.
The Publishing House of Science and Technology, Shanghai.
3. Editorial Board of Pharmacopoeia of the P. R. China 1977. Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China. People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing.
4. Jiangsu New Medical College 1977. Traditional Chinese Medical Dictionary. Shanghai People's Medical Publishing House, Shanghai
5. Xu Mingyu et al. 1991. Present conditions and the future research on the seabuckthorn medicinal use. J. Water and Soil Conservation of China (5): 38
6. Ma Yingcai 1989. Thesis Collection of International Academic Exchange Meeting on Seabuckthorn. Wugong Centre For Agricultural Science Research, Xi'an.
7. Xu Zhonglu et al. 1956. Preliminary research on acetylsalicylic seabuckthorn juice. J. Nutrition (1): 333.
8. Zhang Zhemin 1990. Advance and counter-measure on research and use of seabuckthorn in Russia. Hippophae 3 (3): 42-46.
9. Wu Fuheng 1991 Seabuckthorn medicine in Russia. Hippophae 4 (2): 38-41
10. D. C. Qibikeva, Translated by Zhang Zhemin et al. 1989. Study on fatty acid components of
seabuckthorn. Proceedings of Seabuckthorn Biochemistry and Breeding. 180-182.
11. Chen Tigong et al. 1988. Preliminary research on the biochemical components of seabuckthorn oil from Gansu. Hippophae 1 (4): 35-38.
12. Ge Hong 1992. GC-MS analyses on chemical composition of sterol from seabuckthorn fruit oil.
Seabuckthorn 5 (1): 7-15
13. Ge Xiaoyan et al. 1986. Preliminary research on the chemical composition of seabuckthorn. J.
13. Ge Xiaoyan et al. 1986. Preliminary research on the chemical composition of seabuckthorn. J.
Chinese Herbs (17): 42-44.
14. Zhang Maoshun et al. 1987. Random control tests of treating the ischemic cardiopathy with
TFH. J. China Cardiovascular Diseases 15 (2) : 97-99.
15. Wang Bingwen et al. 1993. Effects of TFH on positive variable force of extra-corporeal papillary muscles of guinea pigs. Hippophae 6 (2): 23-27.
16. Liu Fengming et al. 1989. Antiarrhythmia effects of TFH on the extra-corporeal cors. J.
Chinese Pharmacology 5 (1): 44-47.
17. Chai Qiuyan et al. 1989. The experimental studies on the cardiovascular pharmacology of seabuckthorn extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China. 392-397
18 Tongliao Medicinal Factory 1992. A new seabuckthorn medicine product. Hippophae 5 (2):47
19 Zhong Fei et al. 1989. Study on the immunopharmacology of the copmponents extracted from Hippophas rhamnoides L. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Seabuckthorn.
Xi'an, China 368-370.
20 Ren Lisa et al. 1992. Positive effects of seabuckthorn seed oil on induced mutation and
suppressed immunity. Hippophae 5 (4): 23-26.
21 L. Diandong et al. 1993. Effects of seabuckthorn on the spleen lymphocyte secreting leucocyte mesonium-2 in old age mouse and its gene expression. Research paper in the national symposium on scientific research and development of seabuckthorn medicine products. Xi'an,
China
22 Zhang Peizhen et al. 1989. Anti-cancer activities of seabuckthorn seed oil and its effect on
the weight of the immune organs. Hippophae 2 (3): 31-34.
23 Yang Jianping et al. 1989. Preliminary studies on the effects of oil from fruit residues of seabuckthorn upon anti-tumor. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an,
China. 382-386
24 Tang Jing et al. 1989. Effects of seabuckthorn leaf on the hepatocarcinogenesis of aflatoxin B1. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China. 384-386
25 Li Yong et al. 1989. Blocking and preventing actions of seabuckthorn juice from synthesing NEMA and inducing white rat's cancer in vivo. J. Nutrition 1 (1) : 47-49
26 Jin Yuehua et al. 1989. Super-oxide dismutase from fruit and foliage of common seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China, 350-357.
27 Rui Livin et a. 1989. Effects of seabuckthorn oil on lipid peroxidation of guinea pigs erythrocyte membranes. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China,
358-364.
28 Ju Haisong et al. 1989. Scavenging effects of total flavonoids of Hippophae on active
oxygen radicals. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China, 365-
367.
29 Xu Mingyu et al. 1993. A brief report on an anti-bacterial experiment using seabuckthorn
oil. Hippophae 6 (2): 28-29.
30. L. D. Lebedeva et al. 1989 Screening investigation of the anti-inflammation activity of
seabuckthorn oil. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China, 398.
31 Jiang Zhenyi et al. 1989. An experimental study of Hippophae rhamnoides L. seed oil
against gastric ulcer. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China,
401-402.
32 Wu Airu et al. 1992. Observation of the applied clinical effects on treating the chronic
cervicitis with seabuckthorn embolus. Seabuckthorn 5 (2) : 22-25.
33 Che xiping et al. 1992. Experimantal research on the effects of seabuckthorn oil embolus on
eliminating inflammation and easing pain. Seabuckthorn 5 (2) : 26-29.
34 Li Mingzhong et al. 1989. Experimental research on treating the white rat's radiation
oesophagus cancer and injury with seabuckthorn oil compound. Seabuckthorn 2 (4) : 37-40.
35 Zhang Wenlu et al. 1988. Preliminry results of the experimental observation and the clinical
application of treating the acute radio-dermatitis with seabuckthorn. Seabuckthorn 1 (1) : 27-30.
36 Xu Hanqing et al. 1993. Application of seabuckthorn oil preparation to the skin disease.
Research paper in the national symposium on scientific research and development of seabuckthorn medicine products, Xi'an, China.
37 Fan Yulin et al. 1991. Clinical observation of facilitating the coalescence of the traumatic
perforation of tympanic membrane with seabuckthorn oil. Seabuckthorn 4 (2) : 33-34.
38 B. A. Fayman, translated by Zhang Zhemin 1991. Treatment of operative wounds in ear, nose, and throat with seabuckthorn oil. Seabuckthorn 4 (4) : 7.
39 Wang Naiwen et al. 1989. Preliminary experimental research on anti-radiation efffects of seabuckthorn oil. Seabuckthorn 2 (4) : 31-36.
40 Zhao Tiande et al. 1987. Effects of seabuckthorn oil on preventing the hepatic injury caused by CCL. J. Chinese Herbs 18 (11) 22-24.
41 Hou Wenming et al. 1991. Results of analyses and the toxicity tests on seabuckthorn fruit residual oil. Seabuckthorn 4 (2) : 35-37.
FROM MY OWN PERSONAL EXPERIENCE WITH SEABUCKTHORNS in SNE PRODUCT,I am convinced SEABUCKTHORN is VERY GOOD for my family and freind' health ,examine yourself the photos showing the medical record ,health improvement and etc of other MALAYSIANS. Enter here=>XXX
My another blog mentions about SEABUCKTHORN click here=>http://michaelsne.wordpress.com/
Google search on SEABUCKTHORN AND HEALTH click here=>XXX, More information on SEABUCKTHORN from wikipedia==>XXX
14. Zhang Maoshun et al. 1987. Random control tests of treating the ischemic cardiopathy with
TFH. J. China Cardiovascular Diseases 15 (2) : 97-99.
15. Wang Bingwen et al. 1993. Effects of TFH on positive variable force of extra-corporeal papillary muscles of guinea pigs. Hippophae 6 (2): 23-27.
16. Liu Fengming et al. 1989. Antiarrhythmia effects of TFH on the extra-corporeal cors. J.
Chinese Pharmacology 5 (1): 44-47.
17. Chai Qiuyan et al. 1989. The experimental studies on the cardiovascular pharmacology of seabuckthorn extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China. 392-397
18 Tongliao Medicinal Factory 1992. A new seabuckthorn medicine product. Hippophae 5 (2):47
19 Zhong Fei et al. 1989. Study on the immunopharmacology of the copmponents extracted from Hippophas rhamnoides L. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Seabuckthorn.
Xi'an, China 368-370.
20 Ren Lisa et al. 1992. Positive effects of seabuckthorn seed oil on induced mutation and
suppressed immunity. Hippophae 5 (4): 23-26.
21 L. Diandong et al. 1993. Effects of seabuckthorn on the spleen lymphocyte secreting leucocyte mesonium-2 in old age mouse and its gene expression. Research paper in the national symposium on scientific research and development of seabuckthorn medicine products. Xi'an,
China
22 Zhang Peizhen et al. 1989. Anti-cancer activities of seabuckthorn seed oil and its effect on
the weight of the immune organs. Hippophae 2 (3): 31-34.
23 Yang Jianping et al. 1989. Preliminary studies on the effects of oil from fruit residues of seabuckthorn upon anti-tumor. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an,
China. 382-386
24 Tang Jing et al. 1989. Effects of seabuckthorn leaf on the hepatocarcinogenesis of aflatoxin B1. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China. 384-386
25 Li Yong et al. 1989. Blocking and preventing actions of seabuckthorn juice from synthesing NEMA and inducing white rat's cancer in vivo. J. Nutrition 1 (1) : 47-49
26 Jin Yuehua et al. 1989. Super-oxide dismutase from fruit and foliage of common seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China, 350-357.
27 Rui Livin et a. 1989. Effects of seabuckthorn oil on lipid peroxidation of guinea pigs erythrocyte membranes. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China,
358-364.
28 Ju Haisong et al. 1989. Scavenging effects of total flavonoids of Hippophae on active
oxygen radicals. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China, 365-
367.
29 Xu Mingyu et al. 1993. A brief report on an anti-bacterial experiment using seabuckthorn
oil. Hippophae 6 (2): 28-29.
30. L. D. Lebedeva et al. 1989 Screening investigation of the anti-inflammation activity of
seabuckthorn oil. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China, 398.
31 Jiang Zhenyi et al. 1989. An experimental study of Hippophae rhamnoides L. seed oil
against gastric ulcer. Proceedings of International Symposium on Seabuckthorn, Xi'an, China,
401-402.
32 Wu Airu et al. 1992. Observation of the applied clinical effects on treating the chronic
cervicitis with seabuckthorn embolus. Seabuckthorn 5 (2) : 22-25.
33 Che xiping et al. 1992. Experimantal research on the effects of seabuckthorn oil embolus on
eliminating inflammation and easing pain. Seabuckthorn 5 (2) : 26-29.
34 Li Mingzhong et al. 1989. Experimental research on treating the white rat's radiation
oesophagus cancer and injury with seabuckthorn oil compound. Seabuckthorn 2 (4) : 37-40.
35 Zhang Wenlu et al. 1988. Preliminry results of the experimental observation and the clinical
application of treating the acute radio-dermatitis with seabuckthorn. Seabuckthorn 1 (1) : 27-30.
36 Xu Hanqing et al. 1993. Application of seabuckthorn oil preparation to the skin disease.
Research paper in the national symposium on scientific research and development of seabuckthorn medicine products, Xi'an, China.
37 Fan Yulin et al. 1991. Clinical observation of facilitating the coalescence of the traumatic
perforation of tympanic membrane with seabuckthorn oil. Seabuckthorn 4 (2) : 33-34.
38 B. A. Fayman, translated by Zhang Zhemin 1991. Treatment of operative wounds in ear, nose, and throat with seabuckthorn oil. Seabuckthorn 4 (4) : 7.
39 Wang Naiwen et al. 1989. Preliminary experimental research on anti-radiation efffects of seabuckthorn oil. Seabuckthorn 2 (4) : 31-36.
40 Zhao Tiande et al. 1987. Effects of seabuckthorn oil on preventing the hepatic injury caused by CCL. J. Chinese Herbs 18 (11) 22-24.
41 Hou Wenming et al. 1991. Results of analyses and the toxicity tests on seabuckthorn fruit residual oil. Seabuckthorn 4 (2) : 35-37.
FROM MY OWN PERSONAL EXPERIENCE WITH SEABUCKTHORNS in SNE PRODUCT,I am convinced SEABUCKTHORN is VERY GOOD for my family and freind' health ,examine yourself the photos showing the medical record ,health improvement and etc of other MALAYSIANS. Enter here=>XXX
My another blog mentions about SEABUCKTHORN click here=>http://michaelsne.wordpress.com/
Google search on SEABUCKTHORN AND HEALTH click here=>XXX, More information on SEABUCKTHORN from wikipedia==>XXX
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Contact: Doveli2008@yahoo.com or Fax 03-77296560 For a chat, or anything like that; Even just to tell me the infomations in my blogS give you real help --Wow, imagine I will be very glad! Who knows when my time("The weather" at my head)probably one day has gone bad! (dont wory I am sober will never go mad), "Wow," "see what a true friend has come into my life to chat!"(This is exciting discovery)-- This is the secret of an old dad.(my childrens are too busy, BUSY IS ANOTHER MODERN-DAY disease.)
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You have to be a member then only you can buy SNE products[MEMBERSHIP ABSOLUTELY FREE--Need NOT pay a cent, for registering as a member.]
Once you are a member, You enjoy the previleges:
1.Every of your purchase is given a discount(cheque will be sent to your address at the end of the month) by the headquarter. Everything is computerised.
2.Next time when you introduce others (like what I am doing now),you are given reward on EVERY of his purchases. (He must also be a member, officially recorded your member's particulars as his recommender)
3.Products can be sent by parcel post, safe and cheap!---Make inquiry and arrangement with me DOVELI2008@Yahoo.com
You,your friends or relatives can be in any part of the world, the above mentioned matter (1),(2) and (3) applied.
(B) YOU ARE ALREADY A MEMBER:
as I mentioned earlier whenever you quote/write/say MY OFFICIAL PARTICULARS when you make purchase at SNE HEAD-QUARTER or ANY SNE CENTREs counters :
you are referring
(1)ME as a VALID MEMBER who introduce you the SNEproducts ,and/or
(2) ME as MOBILE-STOCKIST selling you the SNE product as an appointed agent through THE SNE HEAD-QUARTER or ANY SNE-CENTRES. You are actually buying from me as a stockist , the SNE CENTRES and HQ only discharging their compulsary /mandatory SERVICE FREE OF CHARGE on my behalf.
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